Olive Branch Petition

Olive Branch Petition
Historic.us Collection
SATURDAY JULY 8, 1775

The Olive Branch Petition, adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775, was a final attempt by the American colonies to avoid a full-scale war with Great Britain. Drafted primarily by John Dickinson, the petition affirmed colonial loyalty to the crown and entreated King George III to address colonial grievances to prevent further conflict. However, preceding the petition was the July 6 Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, which outlined the colonies' reasons for military preparations, thereby diminishing hopes for reconciliation. By the time the petition reached Britain, King George III had already issued the Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition on August 23, 1775, declaring the colonies in a state of open rebellion. Consequently, the Olive Branch Petition was rejected, as the king considered the colonists traitors to the crown.

The Olive Branch Petition of 1775: A Last Attempt at Reconciliation

In the summer of 1775, as tensions between the American colonies and Great Britain escalated into open conflict, the Second Continental Congress took a bold and desperate step. Amidst the opening salvos of the American Revolutionary War, the delegates sought to avoid a full-scale rupture with the British Crown. The result was the Olive Branch Petition, a heartfelt appeal to King George III, pleading for reconciliation and the avoidance of further bloodshed.


The Context of the Petition

The Olive Branch Petition emerged against the backdrop of mounting colonial grievances and increasing hostilities. The punitive measures following the Boston Tea Party, particularly the Coercive Acts of 1774, had galvanized opposition across the colonies. Militias were forming, and the battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 had already claimed lives. Despite these developments, many colonial leaders remained reluctant to sever ties with Britain. They envisioned a future where the colonies could enjoy their traditional rights while maintaining loyalty to the Crown.

Within the Continental Congress, a faction led by moderate delegates such as John Dickinson of Pennsylvania championed reconciliation. Dickinson, a prominent lawyer and the author of the influential Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, believed that a peaceful resolution was still possible. The Olive Branch Petition was his brainchild, carefully crafted to articulate the colonies’ loyalty to King George III while asserting their grievances against his ministers and Parliament.


The Petition: Content and Tone

Adopted on July 5, 1775, the Olive Branch Petition was a striking blend of deference and defiance. It began with an earnest declaration of loyalty to the King, portraying the colonies as dutiful subjects who were deeply aggrieved by the policies of his government:

“We, your Majesty’s faithful subjects… beseech your Majesty to prevent the further destruction of your devoted subjects in North America.” [1]

The petition framed the colonial grievances as the result of malicious advice from the King’s ministers, emphasizing that the colonies had no desire to challenge his sovereignty. Instead, it appealed to the King’s sense of justice and humanity, asking him to intercede on their behalf to restore harmony.

The tone was conciliatory, but the document was not without assertiveness. It outlined specific complaints, including oppressive taxation, the use of military force against civilians, and the denial of colonial self-governance. It called for the repeal of the Coercive Acts and other punitive measures while pledging the colonies’ commitment to the British Empire.


Presentation to the King

The Olive Branch Petition was entrusted to Richard Penn and Arthur Lee, who sailed for England in July 1775 to deliver it. The petition reached London at a critical juncture. The Battle of Bunker Hill had occurred just weeks earlier, inflaming tensions further. In the British Parliament and the royal court, many viewed the colonists as insubordinate rebels rather than loyal subjects seeking reconciliation.

When the petition arrived, King George III refused to read it. On August 23, 1775, he issued a Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, declaring the colonies to be in a state of open rebellion. The King’s response effectively ended any hope of a peaceful resolution and strengthened the argument of those within the Continental Congress who advocated for independence.


Legacy and Impact

The Olive Branch Petition was one of the last significant gestures of reconciliation before the colonies pivoted decisively toward independence. Its failure underscored the intransigence of the British Crown and Parliament and deepened the divide between Britain and the colonies. By early 1776, the publication of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense would articulate the futility of further negotiations and galvanize public support for independence.

Historians often view the Olive Branch Petition as a poignant symbol of the colonies’ initial reluctance to sever ties with Britain. It reflects the deep cultural, economic, and emotional connections that many colonists felt toward the mother country. However, the rejection of the petition demonstrated that those ties had frayed beyond repair, setting the stage for the Declaration of Independence a year later.


The Olive Branch Petition remains a testament to the complex dynamics of the early Revolutionary period—a document borne of hope, shaped by desperation, and ultimately extinguished by the uncompromising forces of war and sovereignty.


Footnotes

  1. Olive Branch Petition, July 1775, Journals of the Continental Congress.
  2. Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, August 23, 1775, Public Records Office.
  3. Thomas Paine, Common Sense, January 1776, historical pamphlet archives.
  4. John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, 1767-1768.

The Petition to the King being engrossed, was compared, and signed by the several members.

To the King's most excellent Majesty:

MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN,

We, your Majesty's faithful subjects of the colonies new Hampshire, Massachusetts bay, Rhode island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, in behalf of ourselves, and the inhabitants of these colonies, who have deputed us to represent them in general Congress, entreat your Majesty's gracious attention to this our humble petition.

The union between our Mother country and these colonies, and the energy of mild and just government, produced benefits so remarkably important, and afforded such an assurance of their permanency and increase, that the wonder and envy of other Nations were excited, while they beheld Great Britain rising to a power the most extraordinary the world had ever known.

Her rivals, observing that there was no probability of this happy connexion being broken by civil dissensions, and apprehending its future effects, if left any longer undisturbed, resolved to prevent her receiving such continual and formidable accessions of wealth and strength, by checking the growth of these settlements from which they were to be derived.
In the prosecution of this attempt, events so unfavorable to the design took place, that every friend to the interests of Great Britain and these colonies, entertained pleasing and reasonable expectations of seeing an additional force and extension immediately given to the operations of the union hitherto experienced, by an enlargement of the dominions of the Crown, and the removal of ancient and warlike enemies to a greater distance.
At the conclusion, therefore, of the late war, the most glorious and advantageous that ever had been carried on by British arms, your loyal colonists having contributed to its success, by such repeated and strenuous exertions, as frequently procured them the distinguished approbation of your Majesty, of the late king, and of parliament, doubted not but that they should be permitted, with the rest of the empire, to share in the blessings of peace, and the emoluments of victory and conquest. While these recent and honorable acknowledgments of their merits remained on record in the journals and acts of that august legislature, the Parliament, undefaced by the imputation or even the suspicion of any offense, they were alarmed by a new system of statutes and regulations adopted for the administration of the colonies, that filled their minds with the most painful fears and jealousies; and, to their inexpressible astonishment, perceived the dangers of a foreign quarrel quickly succeeded by domestic dangers, in their judgment, of a more dreadful kind.

Nor were their anxieties alleviated by any tendency in this system to promote the welfare of the Mother country. For tho' its effects were more immediately felt by them, yet its influence appeared to be injurious to the commerce and prosperity of Great Britain.

We shall decline the ungrateful task of describing the irksome variety of artifices, practiced by many of your Majesty's Ministers, the delusive presences, fruitless terrors, and unavailing severities, that have, from time to time, been dealt out by them, in their attempts to execute this impolitic plan, or of traceing, thro'a series of years past, the progress of the unhappy differences between Great Britain and these colonies, which have flowed from this fatal source.

Your Majesty's Ministers, persevering in their measures, and proceeding to open hostilities for enforcing them, have compelled us to arm in our own defense, and have engaged us in a controversy so peculiarly abhorrent to the affections of your still faithful colonists, that when we consider whom we must oppose in this contest, and if it continues, what may be the consequences, our own particular misfortunes are accounted by us only as parts of our distress.
Knowing to what violent resentments and incurable animosities, civil discords are apt to exasperate and inflame the contending parties, we think ourselves required by indispensable obligations to Almighty God, to your Majesty, to our fellow subjects, and to ourselves, immediately to use all the means in our power, not incompatible with our safety, for stopping the further effusion of blood, and for averting the impending calamities that threaten the British Empire.

Thus called upon to address your Majesty on affairs of such moment to America, and probably to all your dominions, we are earnestly desirous of performing this office, with the utmost deference for your Majesty; and we therefore pray, you’re your royal magnanimity and benevolence may make the most favorable construction of our expressions on so uncommon an occasion. Could represent in their full force, the sentiments that agitate the minds of us your dutiful subjects, we are persuaded your Majesty would ascribe any seeming deviation from reverence in our language, and even in our conduct, not to any reprehensible intention, but to the impossibility of reconciling the usual appearances of respect, with a just attention to our own preservation against those artful and cruel enemies, who abuse your royal confidence and authority, for the purpose of effecting our destruction.
Attached to your Majesty's person, family, and government, with all devotion that principle and affection can inspire, connected with Great Britain by the strongest ties that can unite societies, and deploring every event that tends in any degree to weaken them, we solemnly assure your Majesty, that we not only most ardently desire the former harmony between her and these colonies may be restored, but that a concord may be established between them upon so firm a basis as to perpetuate its blessings, uninterrupted by any future dissensions, to succeeding generations in both countries, and to transmit your Majesty's Name to posterity, adorned with that signal and lasting glory, that has attended the memory of those illustrious personages, whose virtues and abilities have extricated states from dangerous convulsions, and, by securing happiness to others, have erected the most noble and durable monuments to their own fame.

We beg leave further to assure your Majesty, that notwithstanding the sufferings of your loyal colonists, during the course of the present controversy, our breasts retain too tender a regard for the kingdom from which we derive our origin, to request such a reconciliation as might in any manner be inconsistent with her dignity or her welfare. These, related as we are to her, honor and duty, as well as inclination, induce us to support and advance; and the apprehensions that now oppress our hearts with unspeakable grief, being once removed, your Majesty will find your faithful subjects on this continent ready and willing at all times, as they ever have been, with their lives and fortunes, to assert and maintain the rights and interests of your Majesty, and of our Mother country.

We, therefore, beseech your Majesty, that your royal authority and influence may be graciously interposed to procure us relief from our afflicting fears and jealousies, occasioned by the system before mentioned, and to settle peace through every part of your dominions, with all humility submitting to your Majesty's wise consideration whether it may not be expedient for facilitating those important purposes, that your Majesty be pleased to direct some mode, by which the united applications of your faithful colonists to the throne, in pursuance of their common councils, may be improved into a happy and permanent reconciliation; and that, in the meantime, measures may be taken for preventing the further destruction of the lives of your Majesty's subjects; and that such statutes as more immediately distress any of your Majesty's colonies may be repealed.

For by such arrangements as your Majesty's wisdom can form, for collecting the united sense of your American people, we are convinced your Majesty would receive such satisfactory proofs of the disposition of the colonists towards their sovereign and parent state, that the wished for opportunity would soon be restored to them, of evincing the sincerity of their professions, by every testimony of devotion becoming the most dutiful subjects, and the most affectionate colonists.

That your Majesty may enjoy a long and prosperous reign, and that your descendants may govern your dominions with honor to themselves and happiness to their subjects, is our sincere and fervent prayer.


JOHN HANCOCK
colony of New Hampshire
John Langdon

colony of Massachusetts bay
Thomas Cushing
Saml Adams
John Adams
Robt Treat Paine

colony of Rhode island and providence plantations
Step Hopkins
Sam: Ward

colony of Connecticut
Elipht Dyer
Roger Sherman
Silas Deane

colony of New York
Phil. Livingston
Jas Duane
John Alsop
Frans Lewis
John Jay
Robt R Livingston junr
Lewis Morris
Wm Floyd
Henry Wisner

New Jersey
Wil: Livingston
John De Hart
Richd Smith

Pennsylvania
John Dickinson
B Franklin
Geo: Ross
James Wilson
Chas Humphreys
Edwd Diddle

counties of New Castle Kent and Sussex on Delaware
Caesar Rodney
Thos Mc Kean
Geo: Read

Maryland
Mat. Tilghman
Thomas Johnson Jr
William Paca
Samuel Chase
Thomas Stone

colony of Virginia
P. Henry Jr
Richard Henry Lee
Edmund Pendleton
Bend Harrison
Th: Jefferson

North Carolina
Will Hooper
Joseph Hewes

South Carolina
Henry Middleton
Tho Lynch
Christ Gadsden
J. Rutledge
Edward Rutledge


The committee appoint[ed] to prepare a Letter to the Lord Mayor, reported the same, which was read.

On motion, Resolved, That the above Committee prepare a letter to Mr. Bollan, Mr. Lee and Mr. R[ichard] Penn, Esqr and the colony Agents by name in England.

The Congress resumed the Consideration of the address to the Inhabitants of Gt Britain, which being read and debated by paragraphs, was approved and ordered to be printed is as follows:

The Twelve United Colonies, by their Delegates in Congress, to the Inhabitants of Great Britain.

FRIENDS, COUNTRYMEN, AND BRETHREN!

By these, and by every other Appellation that may designate the Ties, which bind us to each other, we entreat your serious Attention to this our second Attempt to prevent their Dissolution. Rememberance of former Friendships, Pride in the glorious Achievements of our common Ancestors, and Affection for the Heirs of their Virtues, have hitherto preserved our mutual Connexion; but when that Friendship is violated by the grossest Injuries; when the Pride of Ancestry becomes our Reproach, and we are no otherwise allied than as Tyrants and Slaves; when reduced to the melancholy Alternative of renouncing your Favour or our Freedom; can we hesitate about the Choices Let the Spirit of Britons determine.
In a former Address we asserted our Rights, and stated the Injuries we had then received. We hoped, that the mention of our Wrongs would have roused that honest Indignation which has slept too long for your Honor, or the Welfare of the Empire. But we have not been permitted to entertain this pleasing expectation. Every Day brought an accumulation of Injuries, and the Invention of the Ministry has been constantly exercised, in adding to the Calamities of your American Brethren.

After the most valuable Right of Legislation was infringed; when the Powers assumed by your Parliament, in which we are not represented, and from our local and other Circumstances cannot properly be represented, rendered our Property precarious; after being denied that mode of Trial, to which we have long been indebted for the safety of our Persons, and the preservation of our Liberties; after being in many instances divested of those Laws, which were transmitted to us by our common Ancestors, and subjected to an arbitrary Code, compiled under the auspices of Roman Tyrants; after those Charters, which encouraged our Predecessors to brave Death and Danger in every Shape, on unknown Seas, in Deserts unexplored, amidst barbarous and inhospitable Nations, were annulled; when, without the form of Trial, without a public Accusation, whole Colonies were condemned, their Trade destroyed, their inhabitants impoverished; when Soldiers were encouraged to embrue their Hands in the Blood of Americans, by offers of Impunity; when new modes of Trial were instituted for the ruin of the accused, where the charge carried with it the horrors of conviction; when a despotic Government was established in a neighboring Province, and its Limits extended to every of our Frontiers; we little imagined that anything could be added to this black Catalogue of unprovoked Injuries: but we have unhappily been deceived, and the late Measures of the Brash Ministry fully convince us, that their object is the reduction of these Colonies to Slavery and Ruin.
To confirm this Assertion, let us recall your attention to the Affairs of America, since our last Address. Let us combat the Calumnies of our Enemies; and let us warn you of the hangers that threaten you in our destruction. Many of your Fellow-Subjects, whose situation deprived them of other Support, drew their Maintenance from the Sea; but the deprivation of our Liberty being insufficient to satisfy the resentment of our Enemies, the horrors of Famine were super-added, and a British Parliament, who, in better times, were the Protectors of Innocence and the Patrons of Humanity, have, without distinction of Age or Sex, robbed thousands of the Food which they were accustomed to draw from that inexhaustible Source, placed in their neighborhood by the benevolent Creator.

Another Act of your Legislature shuts our Ports, and prohibits our Trade with any but those States from whom the great Law of self-preservation renders it absolutely necessary we should at present withhold our Commerce. But this Act (whatever may have been its design) we consider rather as injurious to your Opulence than our Interest. All our Commerce terminates with you; and the Wealth we procure from other Nations, is soon exchanged for your Superfluities. Our remittances must then cease with our trade; and our refinements with our Affluence. We trust, however, that Laws which deprive us of every Blessing but a Soil that teems with the necessaries of Life, and that Liberty which renders the enjoyment of them secure, will not relax our Vigor in their Defense.

We: might here observe on the Cruelty and Inconsistency of those, who, while they publicly Brand us with reproachful and unworthy Epithets, endeavor to deprive us of the means of defense, by their Interposition with foreign Powers, and to deliver us to the lawless Ravages of a merciless Soldiery. But happily we are not without Resources; and though the timid and humiliating Applications of a Brash Ministry should prevail with foreign Nations, yet Industry, prompted by necessity, will not leave us without the necessary Supplies.

We could wish to go no further, and, not to wound the Ear of Humanity, leave untold those rigorous Acts of Oppression, which are daily exercised in the Town of Boston, did we not hope, that by disclaiming their Deeds and punishing the Perpetrators, you would shortly vindicate the Honor of the British Name, and re-establish the violated Laws of Justice.

That once populous, nourishing and commercial Town is now garrisoned by an Army sent not to protect, but to enslave its Inhabitants. The civil (government is overturned, and a military Despotism erected upon its Ruins. Without Law, without Right, Powers are assumed unknown to the Constitution. Private Property is unjustly invaded. The Inhabitants, daily subjected to the Licentiousness of the Soldiery, are forbid to remove in Defiance of their natural Rights, in Violation of the most solemn Compacts. Or if, after long and wearisome Solicitation, a Pass is procured, their Edicts are detained, and even those who are most favored, have no Alternative but Poverty or Slavery. The Distress of many thousand People, wantonly deprived of the Necessaries of Life, is a Subject, on which we would not wish to enlarge.

Yet, we cannot but observe, that a British Fleet (unjustified even by Acts of your Legislature) are daily employed in ruining our Commerce, seizing our Ships, and depriving whole Communities of their daily Bread. Nor will a Regard for your Honour permit us to be silent, while British Troops sully your Glory, by Actions, which the most inveterate Enmity will not palliate among civilized Nations, the wanton and unnecessary Destruction of Charlestown, a large, ancient, and once populous Town, just before deserted by its Inhabitants, who had fled to avoid the Fury of your Soldiery.

If you still retain those Sentiments of Compassion, by which Britons have ever been distinguished, if the Humanity, which tempered the Valor of our common Ancestors, has not degenerated into Cruelty, you will lament the Miseries of their Descendants.

To what are we to attribute this Treatment? If to any secret Principle of the Constitution, let it be mentioned; let us learn, that the Government, we have long revered, is not without its Defects, and that while it gives Freedom to a Part, it necessarily enslaves the Remainder of the Empire. If such a Principle exists, why for Ages has it ceased to operate ? Why at this Time is it called into Action ? Can no Reason be assigned for this Conducts Or must it be resolved into the wanton Exercise of arbitrary Power ? And shall the Descendants of Britons tamely submit to this?-No, Sirs! We never will, while we revere the Memory of our gallant and virtuous Ancestors, we never can surrender those glorious Privileges, for which they fought, bled, and conquered. Admit that your Fleets could destroy our Towns, and ravage our Sea-Coasts; these are inconsiderable Objects, Things of no Moment to Men, whose Bosoms glow with the Ardor of Liberty. We can retire beyond the Reach of your Navy, and, without any sensible Diminution of the Necessaries of Life, enjoy a Luxury, which from that Period you will want-the Luxury of being Free.

We know the Force of your Arms, and was it called forth in the Cause of Justice and your Country, we might dread the Exertion: but will Britons fight under the Banners of Tyranny? Will they counteract the Labors, and disgrace the Victories of their Ancestors? Will they forge Chains for their Posterity? If they descend to this unworthy Task, will their Swords retain their Edge, their Arms their accustomed Vigor? Britons can never become the Instruments of Oppression, till they lose the Spirit of Freedom, by which alone they are invincible.

Our Enemies charge us with Sedition. In what does it consist? In our Refusal to submit to unwarrantable Acts of injustice and Cruelty? If so, shew us a Period in your History, in which you have not been equally Seditious.

We are accused of aiming at Independence; but how is this Accusation supported? By the Allegations of your Ministers, not by our Actions. Abused, insulted, and contemned, what Steps have we pursued to obtain Redress ? We have carried our dutiful Petitions to the Throne. We have applied to your Justice for Relief. We have retrenched our Luxury, and withheld our Trade.

The Advantages of our Commerce were designed as a Compensation for your Protection: When you ceased to protect, for what were we to compensate ?

What has been the Success of our Endeavors? The Clemency of our Sovereign is unhappily diverted; our Petitions are treated with Indignity; our Prayers answered by Insults. Our Application to you remains unnoticed, and leaves us the melancholy Apprehension of your wanting either the Will, or the Power, to assist us.

Even under these Circumstances, what Measures have we taken that betray a Desire of Independence ? Have we called in the Aid of those foreign Powers, who are the Rivals of your Grandeur? When your Troops were few and defenseless, did we take Advantage of their Distress and expel them our Towns? Or have we permitted them to fortify, to receive new Aid, and to acquire additional Strength?

Let not your Enemies and ours persuade you, that in this we were influenced by Fear or any other unworthy Motive. The Lives of Britons are still dear to us. They are the Children of our Parents, and an uninterrupted Intercourse of mutual Benefits had knit the Bonds of Friendship. When Hostilities were commenced, when on a late Occasion we were wantonly attacked by your Troops, though we r spelled their Assaults and returned their Blows, yet we lamented the Wounds they obliged us to give; nor have we yet learned to rejoice at a Victory over Englishmen.

As we wish not to colorer our Actions, or disguise our Thoughts, we shall, in the simple Language of Truth, avow the Measures we have pursued, the Motives upon which we have acted, and our future Designs.
When our late Petition to the Throne produced no other Effect than fresh Injuries, and Votes of your Legislature, calculated to justify every Severity; when your Fleets and your Armies were prepared to wrest from us our Property, to rob us of our Liberties or our Lives; when the hostile Attempts of General Gage evinced his Designs, we levied Armies for our Security and Defense. When the Powers vested in the Governor of Canada, gave us Reason to apprehend Danger from that Quarter; and we had frequent Intimations, that a cruel and savage Enemy was to be let loose upon the defenseless Inhabitants of our Frontiers; we took such Measures as Prudence dictated, as Necessity will justify. We possessed ourselves of Crown Point and Ticonderoga. Yet give us leave most solemnly to assure you, that we have not yet lost Sight of the Object we have ever had in View, a Reconciliation with you on constitutional Principles, and a Restoration of that friendly Intercourse, which, to the Advantage of both, we till lately maintained.

The Inhabitants of this Country apply themselves chiefly to Agriculture and Commerce. As their Fashions and Manners are similar to yours, your Markets must afford them the Conveniences and Luxuries, for which they exchange the Produce of their Labors. The Wealth of this extended Continent centres with you; and our Trade is so regulated as to be subservient only to your Interest. You are too reasonable to expect, that by Taxes (in Addition to this) we should contribute to your Expense; to believe, after diverting the Fountain, that the Streams can flow with unabated Force.

It has been said, that we refuse to submit to the Restrictions on our Commerce. From whence is this Inference drawn? Not from our Words, we have repeatedly declared the Contrary; and we again profess our Submission to the several Acts of Trade and Navigation, passed before the Year 1763, trusting, nevertheless, in the Equity and Justice of Parliament, that such of them as, upon cool and impartial Consideration, shall appear to have imposed unnecessary or grievous Restrictions, will, at some happier Period, be repealed or altered. And we cheerfully consent to the Operation of such Acts of the British Parliament, as shall be restrained to the Regulation of our external Commerce, for the Purpose of securing the commercial Advantages of the whole Empire to the Mother Country, and the commercial Benefits of its respective Members; excluding every Idea of taxation internal or external, for raising a Revenue on the Subjects in America, without their Consent.

It is alleged that we contribute nothing to the common Defense. To this we answer, that the Advantages which Great Britain receives from the Monopoly of our Trade, far exceed our Proportion of the Expense necessary for that Purpose. But should these Advantages be inadequate thereto, let the Restrictions on our Trade be removed, and we will cheerfully contribute such Proportion when constitutionally required.

It is a fundamental Principle of the British Constitution, that every Man should have at least a Representative Share in the Formation of those Laws, by which he is bound. Were it otherwise, the Regulation of our internal Police by a British Parliament, who are and ever will be unacquainted with our local Circumstances, must be always inconvenient, and frequently oppressive, working our wrong, without yielding any possible Advantage to you.

A Plan of Accommodation (as it has been absurdly called) has been proposed by your Ministers to our respective Assemblies. Were this Proposal free from eatery other Objection, but that which arises from the Time of the Offer, it would not be unexceptionable. Can Men deliberate with the Bayonet at their Breast, Can they treat with Freedom, while their Towns are sacked; when daily instances of Injustice and Oppression disturb the slower Operations of Reason ?

If this Proposal is really such as you would offer and we accept, why was it delayed till the Nation was put to useless expense, and we were reduced to our present melancholy Situation a If it holds forth nothing, why was it proposed Unless indeed to deceive you into a Belief, that we were unwilling to listen to any Terms of Accommodation. But what is submitted to our Considerations We contend for the Disposal of our Property. We are told that our Demand is unreasonable, that our Assemblies may indeed collect our Money, but that they must at the same Time offer, not what your Exigencies or ours may require, but so much as shall be deemed sufficient to satisfy the Desires of a Minister and enable him to provide for Favourites and Dependants. A Recurrence to your own Treasury wild convince you how little of the Money already extorted from us has been applied to the Relief of your Burthens. To suppose that we would thus grasp the Shadow and give up the Substance, is adding Insult to Injuries.

We have nevertheless again presented an humble and dutiful Petition to our Sovereign, and to remove every imputation of Obstinacy, have requested his Majesty to direct some Mode, by which the united Applications of his faithful Colonists may be improved into a happy and permanent Reconciliation. We are willing to treat on such Terms as can alone render an accommodation lasting, and we hatter ourselves that our pacific Endeavors will be attended with a removal of ministerial Troops, and a repeal of those Laws, of the Operation of which we complain, on the one part, and a disbanding of our Army, and a dissolution of our commercial Associations, on the other.

Yet conclude not from this that we propose to surrender our Property into the Hands of your Ministry, or vest your Parliament with a Power which may terminate in our Destruction. The great Bulwarks of our Constitution we have desired to maintain by every temperate, by every peaceable Means; but your Ministers (equal Foes to British and American freedom) have added to their former Oppressions an Attempt to reduce us by the Sword to a base and abject submission. On the Sword, therefore, we are compelled to rely for Protection. Should Victory declare in your Favour, yet Men trained to Arms from their Infancy, and animated by the Love of Liberty, will afford neither a cheap or easy Conquest. Of this at least we are assured, that our Struggle will be glorious, our Success certain; since even in Death we shall find that Freedom which in Life you forbid us to enjoy.

Let us now ask what Advantages are to attend our Reduction? the Trade of a ruined and desolate Country is always inconsiderable, its Revenue trifling; the Expence of subjecting and retaining it in subjection certain and inevitable. What then remains but the gratification of an ill-judged Pride, or the hope of rendering us subservient to designs on your Liberty.

Soldiers who have sheathed their Swords in the Bowels of their American Brethren, will not draw them with more reluctance against you. When too late you may lament the loss of that freedom, which we exhort you, while still in your Power, to preserve.

On the other hand, should you prove unsuccessful; should that Connexion, which we most ardently wish to maintain, be dissolved; should your Ministers exhaust your Treasures and waste the Blood of your Countrymen in vain Attempts on our Liberty; do they not deliver you, weak and defenseless, to your natural Enemies?

Since then your Liberty must be the price of your Victories; your Ruin, of your Defeat: What blind fatality can urge you to a pursuit destructive of all that Britons hold dear?

If you have no regard to the Connexion that has for Ages subsisted between us; if you have forgot the Wounds we have received fighting by your Side for the extension of the Empire; if our Commerce is not an object below your consideration; if Justice and Humanity have lost their influence on your Hearts; still Motives are not wanting to excite your Indignation at the Measures now pursued; Your Wealth, your Honour, your Liberty are at Stake.

Notwithstanding the Distress to which we are reduced, we sometimes forget our own Afflictions, to anticipate and sympathize in yours. We grieve that rash and inconsiderate Councils should precipitate the destruction of an Empire, which has been the envy and admiration of Ages, and call God to witness! that we would part with our Property, endanger our Lives, and sacrifice everything but Liberty, to redeem you front ruin.

A Cloud hangs over your Heads and ours; 'ere this reaches you, it may probably burst upon us; let us then (before the remembrance of former Kindness is obliterated) once more repeat those Appellations which are ever grateful in our Ears; let us entreat Heaven to avert our Ruin, and the Destruction that threatens our Friends, Brethren and Countrymen, on the other side of the Atlantic.

Ordered, That the Address be published and a number of them sent by Mr Penn to England.

The Letter to the Lord Mayor, &c., being read again and debated, was approved, and is as follows:

MY LORD,

Permitt the Delegates of the people of twelve antient colonies, to pay ye Lordship, and the very respectable body of which you are head, the just tribute of gratitude and thanks, for the virtuous and unsolicited resentment you have strewn to the violated rights of a free people. The city of London, my Lord, having in all ages, approved itself the patron of liberty, and the support of just government, against lawless tyranny and oppression, cannot fail to make us deeply sensible of the powerful aid, our cause must receive from such advocates. A cause, my Lord, worthy the support of the first city in the world, as it involves the fate of a great continent, and threatens to shake the foundations of a nourishing, and, until lately, a happy empire.

North America, my Lord, wishes most ardently for a lasting connection with Great Britain on terms of just and equal liberty; less than which generous minds will not offer, nor brave and free ones be willing to receive.

A cruel war has at length been opened age us, and whilst we prepare to defend ourselves like the descendants of Britons, we still hope that the mediation of wise and good citizens, will at length prevail over despotism, and restore harmony and peace, on permanent principles, to an oppressed and divided empire.

We have the honor to be, my Lord,
With great esteem, yr Lordship's
Faithful friends and fellow-subjects.
Signed by order of the Congress,

JOHN HANCOOK
President.

Ordered, That the above Letter be fairly transcribed, and signed by the president, and sent by Mr Penn.

The Committee appointed to prepare a letter to Mr Penn and the Colony Agents, brot in the same, which being read was approved:

GENTLEMEN,

The perseverance of the British ministry in their unjust and cruel system of colony administration, has occasioned the meeting of another Congress.

We have again appealed to the justice of our sovereign for protection age the destruction which his Ministers meditate for his American subjects. This Petition to his Majesty you will please, Gentlemen, to present to the King with all convenient expedition, after which we desire it may be given to the public. We likewise send you our second application to the equity and interest of our fellow subjects in G B. and also a Declaration setting forth the causes of our taking up arms: Both which we wish may be immediately put to press, and communicated as universally as possible.

The Congress entertain the highest sense of the wise and worthy interposition of the Lord Mayor and Livery of London, in favour of injured America. They have expressed this, their sense, in a letter to his Lordship and the livery, which we desire may be presented in the manner most agreeable to that respectable body.

You will oblige us, Gentlemen, by giving the most early information to the Congress, and to the speakers of our respective assemblies, of your proceeding in this business, and such further intelligence as you may judge to be of importance to America in this great contest.

We are, with great regard, gentlemen, yr most obedient and very humble serve

By order of the Congress,
[JOHN HANCOCK,Pres.]

Ordered, That the above be fairly transcribed, and to be signed by the press, and then by him sent under cover? with the petition to the lying, and address to the Inhabitants of G B. and letter to the Lo Mayor of London to R[ichard] Penn, Esqr and to request him, in behalf of the Congress, to join with the Colony Agents in presenting the petition to the Kings

Order of the day put off, and adjourned till Monday at 9 o'Clock.

Rhetorical Criticism of the Olive Branch Petition

The Olive Branch Petition, drafted primarily by John Dickinson in July 1775, represents a final attempt by the American colonies to reconcile with King George III and avoid a full-scale war. Crafted during a period of mounting tensions, the petition blends appeals to reason, emotion, and shared values, showcasing Dickinson's rhetorical skill and strategic use of language. Below is a rhetorical criticism that examines its structure, figures of speech, and rhetorical strategies.


Overview of the Petition's Structure

The Olive Branch Petition is structured as follows:

  1. Introduction: Establishes a tone of humility and respect, framing the colonies as loyal subjects.
  2. Acknowledgment of Shared History: Highlights the bonds between the colonies and Britain.
  3. Grievances and Appeals: Outlines specific issues, while appealing to the king’s sense of justice and compassion.
  4. Conclusion: Requests the king’s intervention to restore peace and reaffirms colonial loyalty.

This structure reflects a calculated attempt to balance deference with the articulation of colonial concerns, emphasizing reconciliation over rebellion.


Figures of Speech and Rhetorical Strategies

1. Apostrophe

Dickinson uses apostrophe to directly address King George III, a technique that personalizes the appeal and creates a sense of intimacy and immediacy.

  • Example:

    “Most gracious Sovereign, we, your Majesty's faithful subjects...”

    By directly invoking the king, the petition seeks to elicit empathy and responsibility, portraying the colonies as respectful and loyal.

2. Anaphora

The repetition of phrases at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences emphasizes key points and conveys earnestness.

  • Example:

    “We therefore beseech your Majesty... We therefore implore your Majesty... We therefore most humbly supplicate your Majesty...”

    The repeated appeals highlight the colonies’ desperation and sincerity, reinforcing the tone of supplication.

3. Pathos (Emotional Appeal)

The petition appeals to the king’s sense of compassion and humanity, seeking to evoke pity and a sense of duty.

  • Example:

    “We beg leave further to assure your Majesty that it is our ardent desire to see the union of the colonies and the mother country restored.”

    Words like "beg," "assure," and "ardent desire" evoke a tone of humility and emotional urgency, reinforcing the colonies’ claim of loyalty.

4. Ethos (Credibility and Authority)

Dickinson establishes the colonies' moral and legal authority by framing their grievances within the context of natural rights and British constitutional principles.

  • Example:

    “We shall decline the ungrateful task of describing the irksome variety of artifices practiced by many of your Majesty's ministers.”

    By refraining from directly attacking the king, the petition underscores its respectful tone, bolstering its credibility as a sincere plea rather than an act of rebellion.

5. Logos (Logical Appeal)

The petition constructs a rational argument for reconciliation, highlighting the mutual benefits of peace and the dangers of continued conflict.

  • Example:

    “That your Majesty may enjoy long and prosperous reign, and that your descendants may inherit your blessings of these dominions...”

    This appeal to shared interests and future stability underlines the logical reasons for the king to intervene.

6. Hyperbole

Dickinson occasionally employs hyperbole to dramatize the consequences of continued discord.

  • Example:

    “If our supplications are disregarded, we shall be forced to consider ourselves as having been abandoned by your Majesty.”

    This statement amplifies the stakes, framing the colonies as having no choice but to view the king’s silence as abandonment.

7. Metaphor

Metaphors enrich the language and emphasize the petition’s key themes, particularly unity and loyalty.

  • Example:

    “The bonds of affection which have united us to the throne are now dissolved.”

    The metaphor of "bonds of affection" invokes imagery of familial ties, emphasizing the emotional rupture caused by the current crisis.

8. Antithesis

Dickinson contrasts opposing ideas to highlight the colonies’ peaceful intentions against the backdrop of escalating conflict.

  • Example:

    “We shall view the horrors of civil war with the mournful regret of those who labored unsuccessfully to avert them.”

    The juxtaposition of “horrors of civil war” and “mournful regret” underscores the colonies’ efforts to prevent bloodshed.

9. Polysyndeton

The use of multiple conjunctions in a list creates a sense of accumulation and urgency.

  • Example:

    “...that your Majesty may never cease to regard the united colonies as part of your dominions, and that they may continue to regard the British crown as their protector, their sovereign, and their friend.”

    This repetition of "and" emphasizes the multifaceted relationship between the colonies and Britain, portraying the colonies’ loyalty as steadfast and comprehensive.

10. Litotes

Dickinson employs understatement to convey sincerity and avoid appearing confrontational.

  • Example:

    “We are not insensible of the difficulties that must attend the administration of so extensive an empire.”

    This modest phrasing acknowledges the king’s challenges while subtly suggesting that the colonies’ grievances deserve attention.


Stylistic and Persuasive Impact

Dickinson’s rhetorical mastery lies in his ability to weave classical rhetorical strategies into a document designed to persuade a resistant audience. The Olive Branch Petition employs:

  1. A Respectful Tone: The petition consistently emphasizes loyalty, humility, and a desire for reconciliation, framing the colonies as dutiful subjects rather than rebels.
  2. Balanced Appeals: The integration of ethos, pathos, and logos creates a well-rounded argument that appeals to the king’s sense of justice, compassion, and self-interest.
  3. Strategic Ambiguity: While expressing loyalty to the king, the petition subtly critiques his ministers, allowing the colonies to deflect blame while holding the monarchy accountable.

Conclusion

The Olive Branch Petition exemplifies John Dickinson’s rhetorical skill, blending emotional appeals with logical arguments to present a compelling case for reconciliation. The careful use of figures of speech—such as anaphora, metaphor, and antithesis—underscores the colonies’ loyalty while framing their grievances as just and reasonable. Although ultimately rejected by King George III, the petition stands as a testament to the colonies’ initial efforts to resolve the conflict peacefully and their rhetorical sophistication in articulating their cause. Its legacy lies not only in its content but also in its demonstration of the power of rhetoric to navigate political crises.



Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents 
Sept. 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776


September 5, 1774
October 22, 1774
October 22, 1774
October 26, 1774
May 20, 1775
May 24, 1775
May 25, 1775
July 1, 1776

Commander-in-Chief United Colonies & States of America
George Washington: June 15, 1775 - July 1, 1776


Continental Congress of the United States Presidents 
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781

July 2, 1776
October 29, 1777
November 1, 1777
December 9, 1778
December 10, 1778
September 28, 1779
September 29, 1779
February 28, 1781

Commander-in-Chief United States of America
George Washington: July 2, 1776 - February 28, 1781


Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789

March 1, 1781
July 6, 1781
July 10, 1781
Declined Office
July 10, 1781
November 4, 1781
November 5, 1781
November 3, 1782
November 4, 1782
November 2, 1783
November 3, 1783
June 3, 1784
November 30, 1784
November 22, 1785
November 23, 1785
June 5, 1786
June 6, 1786
February 1, 1787
February 2, 1787
January 21, 1788
January 22, 1788
January 21, 1789

Commander-in-Chief United States of America
George Washington: March 2, 1781 - December 23, 1783

Articles of Confederation Congress
United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) Sessions

USCA
Session Dates
USCA Convene Date
President(s)
First
03-01-1781 to 11-04-1781*
03-02-1781
Second
11-05-1781 to 11-03-1782
11-05-1781
Third
11-04-1782 to 11-02-1783
11-04-1782
Fourth
11-03-1783 to 10-31-1784
11-03-1783
Fifth
11-01-1784 to 11-06-1785
11-29-1784
Sixth
11-07-1785 to 11-05-1786
11-23-1785
Seventh
11-06-1786 to 11-04-1787
02-02-1787
Eighth
11-05-1787 to 11-02-1788
01-21-1788
Ninth
11-03-1788 to 03-03-1789**
None
None

* The Articles of Confederation was ratified by the mandated 13th State on February 2, 1781, and the dated adopted by the Continental Congress to commence the new  United States in Congress Assembled government was March 1, 1781.  The USCA convened under the Articles of Confederation Constitution on March 2, 1781.  

** On September 14, 1788, the Eighth United States in Congress Assembled resolved that March 4th, 1789, would be commencement date of the Constitution of 1787's federal government thus dissolving the USCA on March 3rd, 1789.


Presidents of the United States of America
1789 - Present

POTUS - CLICK HERE


United Colonies and States First Ladies
1774 - Present

FLOTUS - CLICK HERE



Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America

Philadelphia
Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774
Philadelphia
May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776
Baltimore
Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777
Philadelphia
March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777
Lancaster
September 27, 1777
York
Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778
Philadelphia
July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783
Princeton
June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783
Annapolis
Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784
Trenton
Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784
New York City
Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788
New York City
October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789
New York City
March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790
Philadelphia
Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800       
Washington DC
November 17,1800 to Present

Chart Comparing Presidential Powers Click Here


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