United
States in Congress Assembled
March 1, 1781 to March 3,
1789
Media
Alert
July 2nd, 2015
New Orleans, Louisiana
After 102 Years, The Federal Government Finally Agrees: Samuel Huntington And Not John Hanson Was The First USCA President to Serve Under The Articles of Confederation.
Historian Stanley Yavneh Klos Pleads With Maryland To Stop Funding Efforts That Purport John & Jane Hanson As The First President & First Lady Of The United States.
Articles of Confederation Congress
United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) Sessions
USCA
|
Session Dates
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USCA Convene Date
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President(s)
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First
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03-01-1781 to 11-04-1781*
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03-02-1781
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Second
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11-05-1781 to 11-03-1782
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11-05-1781
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Third
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11-04-1782 to 11-02-1783
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11-04-1782
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Fourth
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11-03-1783 to 10-31-1784
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11-03-1783
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Fifth
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11-01-1784 to 11-06-1785
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11-29-1784
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Sixth
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11-07-1785 to 11-05-1786
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11-23-1785
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Seventh
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11-06-1786 to 11-04-1787
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02-02-1787
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Eighth
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11-05-1787 to 11-02-1788
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01-21-1788
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Ninth
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11-03-1788 to 03-03-1789**
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None
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None
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* The Articles of Confederation was
ratified by the mandated 13th State on February 2, 1781, and
the dated adopted by the Continental Congress to commence the
new United States in Congress Assembled government was
March 1, 1781. The USCA convened under
the Articles of
Confederation Constitution on March 2, 1781.
** On September 14, 1788, the Eighth United States in
Congress Assembled resolved that March 4th, 1789, would be
commencement date of the Constitution of 1787's federal
government thus dissolving the USCA on March 3rd, 1789.
The Continental Congress, after
16 months of debate and deliberations, forged the first U.S.
Constitution on November 15, 1777. This Constitution of 1777
created one nation out of thirteen independent states and named
it the United States of America "for their common defense,
the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general
welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all
force offered to, or attacks made upon them..."
Additionally the constitution guaranteed
the freedom of
citizens to pass freely between states, excluding "paupers,
vagabonds, and fugitives from
justice."
Students and Teachers of US History this is a video of Stanley and Christopher Klos presenting America's Four United Republics Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. The December 2015 video was an impromptu capture by a member of the audience of Penn students, professors and guests that numbered about 200.
All the people of the United
States were also entitled, by the constitution, to the rights
established by the State into which they traveled. If a crime
were committed in one state and the perpetrator to flee to
another state, the citizen would be extradited to and tried in
the State in which the crime had been committed.
The governing body under the Constitution of 1777 was
unicameral. The judicial, legislative, and executive work of
the federal government were all conducted through the United
States in Congress Assembled (USCA). Parity was
established in the USCA by allotting only one vote to each
State, regardless of size, but delegations might have from two
to seven members. Members of the USCA were elected or appointed
by state legislatures and could serve no more than three out of
any six years. For a state to cast a vote its delegation
was required to have two or more delegates sitting in the
USCA.
The powers of the federal government, as defined by the
constitution, empowered the
USCA to send and receive ambassadors;
USCA to enter into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatsoever;
USCA to establish the rules for deciding, in all cases, what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States shall be divided or appropriated;
USCA to grant letters of marque (diplomacy) and reprisal in times of peace;
USCA to appoint courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas and establishes courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts;
USCA to fix the standards of weights and measures throughout the United States;
USCA to regulate the trade and management of all affairs with Indians, not members of any of the States, provided that the legislative right of any State within its own limits be not infringed or violated;
USCA to establish or regulate post offices from one State to another, throughout all the United States. They also exact postage on the papers passing through the post office to defray the expenses of the bureau;
USCA to appoint all officers of the land forces, in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers;
USCA to appoint all the officers of the naval forces, and commissions all officers whatever in the service of the United States;
USCA to make rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and direction of their operations;
USCA to serve as a final court for disputes between states;
USCA to define a Committee of the States to be a government when Congress is not in session;
USCA to elect one of their members to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years
Finally, the constitution ended with declaring that the
Articles of Confederation are perpetual, and can only be
altered by approval of Congress with ratification by all the
state legislatures.
The major flaw in the constitution was that the USCA had no taxing or intrastate trade authority. The constitution actually stated that the expenditures made by the USCA were to paid by funds raised by State legislatures and apportioned based on the real property values of each. Moreover, before this weak constitution could take effect, it required the unanimous ratification of all thirteen states.
The major flaw in the constitution was that the USCA had no taxing or intrastate trade authority. The constitution actually stated that the expenditures made by the USCA were to paid by funds raised by State legislatures and apportioned based on the real property values of each. Moreover, before this weak constitution could take effect, it required the unanimous ratification of all thirteen states.
 |
NCHC Partners in the Park Student primary source exhibit on the second floor of Independence Hall flanked by the National Collegiate Honor’s Council Partners in the Park Independence Hall Class of 2017. The primary sources exhibited include an original 1781 Journals of Congress open to the Articles of Confederation, Owen Biddle's 1779 resignation as United States Lottery Manager, US National Lottery ticket 3rd Class, USCA President Elias Boudinot letter to General Arthur St. Clair regarding the Army mutiny that forced Congress to flee Philadelphia to Princeton, Pennsylvania vs Connecticut 1782 decision manuscript, 1774 Journals of Congress and a 1781 USCA President Thomas McKean letter signed. – For more information visit our National Park and NCHC Partners in the Park Class of 2017 website |
The result was that three full years later, in 1780, the first
constitution was still not ratified. Maryland held the other
states, constitutionally, hostage because it refused to adopt
the Articles of Confederation until its 12 sister states
relinquished all their western claims to the ownership and
control of the USCA.
Presidential
Alert: After 102 years, the Federal
Government finally agrees that Samuel
Huntington and not John Hanson was the
first USCA President to serve under the Articles of
Confederation. -- Click Here
This Maryland Plan, even before the Articles of
Confederation were
passed by the U.S. Continental Congress in 1777, proposed that
the USCA would have the sole right and power over the frontier
lands “North and West of the Ohio River,” later known as
the Northwest Territory. This
measure, however, was heartily opposed by Virginia, New York,
Connecticut, and Massachusetts who all had vast interior claims
to the Northwest Territory. The Southern states of
Georgia, South and North Carolina also had claims that stretched
all the way to the Mississippi River. Maryland was alone but
knowing that the constitution required state assembly
ratification, its delegates approved the Articles of
Confederation on November 15, 1777. The question of Northwest
Territorial land claims was left to be considered by the
individual state governments who were charged with the review and
ratification of the Articles of Confederation.
On May 21, 1779, after 12 States had ratified the Articles, the
Maryland State Assembly formally communicated to the U.S.
Continental Congress its conditions for ratification. The
assembly gave notice that it would only ratify the Articles if
they received definite assurances that the Northwest Territory would be released by the
states to the USCA:
We are convinced policy and justice require that a country
unsettled at the commencement of this war, claimed by the British
Crown, and ceded to it by the treaty of Paris, if wrested from
the common enemy by the blood and the treasure of the 13 States,
should be considered as a common property, subject to be parceled
out by Congress into free, convenient, and independent
governments, in such manner and at such times as the wisdom of
that assembly shall hereafter direct.[19]
It was now the charge of Continental Congress Delegates John
Hanson and Daniel Carroll to persistently press this demand of
their State.
U.S. State 1776-1781 claims on land east of the Mississippi
River.
On September 6, 1780 the U.S. Continental Congress acted on
the Maryland Plan resolving that the western territory be
released and Maryland ratify the Articles of Confederation. The
Journals report:
Congress took into consideration the report of the committee to
whom were referred the instructions of the general assembly of
Maryland to their delegates in Congress, respecting the articles
of confederation, and the declaration therein referred to, the
act of the legislature of New York on the same subject, and the
remonstrance of the general assembly of Virginia; which report
was agreed to, and is in the words following:
"That having duly considered the several matters to them
submitted, they conceive it unnecessary to examine into the
merits or the policy of the instructions or declaration of the
general assembly of Maryland, or of the remonstrance of the
general assembly of Virginia, as they involve questions, a
discussion of which was declined on mature consideration, when
the articles of confederation were debated; nor, in the opinion
of the committee, can such questions be now revived with any
prospect of conciliation; that it appears more advisable to press
upon those states which can remove the embarrassment respecting
the western country, a liberal surrender of a portion of their
territorial claims, since they cannot be preserved entire without
endangering the stability of the general confederacy; to remind
them how indispensably necessary it is to establish the federal
union on a fixed and permanent basis, and on principles
acceptable to all its respective members; how essential to public
credit and confidence, to the support of our army, to the vigor
of our councils and success of our measures, to our tranquility
at home, and our reputation abroad, to our present safety and our
future prosperity, to our very existence as a free, sovereign and
independent people; that they are fully persuaded the wisdom and
magnanimity of the patriotic legislators of these states will on
an occasion of such vast magnitude, prompt them to prefer the
general security to local attachment, and the permanency of the
confederacy to an unwieldy extent of their respective limits, of
the respective legislatures will lead them to a full and
impartial consideration of a subject so interesting to the United
States, and so necessary to the happy establishment of the
federal union; that they are confirmed in these expectations by a
review of the before mentioned act of the legislature of New
York, submitted to their consideration; that this act is
expressly calculated to accelerate the federal alliance, by
removing, as far as it depends on that State, the impediment
arising from the western country, and for that purpose to yield
up a portion of territorial claim for the general benefit; an
example which in the opinion of your committee deserves applause,
and will produce imitation," Whereupon,
Resolved, That copies of the several papers referred to the
committee be transmitted, with a copy of the report, to the
legislatures of Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia the several
states, and that it be earnestly recommended to those states, who
have claims to the western country, to pass such laws, and give
their delegates in Congress such powers as may effectually remove
the only obstacle to a final ratification of the articles of
confederation; and that the legislature of Maryland be earnestly
requested to authorize their delegates in Congress to subscribe
the said articles; and that a copy of the aforementioned
remonstrance from the assembly of Virginia and act of the
legislature of New York, together with a copy of this report, be
transmitted to the said legislature of Maryland.[20]
On October 10th Congress adopted Virginia
proposal, moved by Delegate James
Madison, to reimburse state expenses related to
cession of western lands and to require that ceded lands "be
disposed of for the common benefit of the United
States.” The Journals
record:
Resolved, That the unappropriated lands that may be ceded or
relinquished to the United States, by any particular states,
pursuant to the recommendation of Congress of the 6 day of
September last, shall be granted and disposed of for the common
benefit of all the United States that shall be members of the
federal union, and be settled and formed into distinct republican
states, which shall become members of the federal union, and have
the same rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence, as the
other states: that each state which shall be so formed shall
contain a suitable extent of territory, not less than one hundred
nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square, or as near
thereto as circumstances will admit: and that upon such cession
being made by any State and approved and accepted by Congress,
the United States shall guaranty the remaining territory of the
said States respectively. That the necessary and reasonable
expenses which any particular state shall have incurred since the
commencement of the present war, in subduing any of the British
posts, or in maintaining forts or garrisons within and for the
defense, or in acquiring any part of the territory that may be
ceded or relinquished to the United States, shall be reimbursed;
That the said lands shall be granted and settled at such times
and under such regulations as shall hereafter be agreed on by the
United States in Congress assembled, or any nine or more of them.
That all purchases made of the Indians of any of said lands by
private persons, without the approbation of the Legislature of
the State to whom the right of preemption belonged, shall not be
deemed valid to make a title to such purchases. That no purchases
and deeds from any Indians or Indian nations, for lands within
the Territory to be ceded or relinquished, which have been made
without the approbation of the legislature Postponed of the state
within whose limits it lay for the use of any private person or
persons whatsoever make a title to the purchasers shall not have
been rated by lawful authority, shall be deemed valid or ratified
by Congress.[21]
USCA President Samuel Huntington, a delegate from
Connecticut, led the way for other congressional delegations when
he successfully convinced his state legislature to relinquish
their western lands claims to the federal government. On
November 28, 1780 John Hanson wrote Charles Carroll of
Carrollton:
The president of Congress has promised to send by this post, a
Copy of a late Law passed in Connecticut, respecting a Cession of
some part of the back Lands. We have had nothing from Virginia or
any other state on that Subject.[22]
|
| Published By Orders of Congress, the 1781 Journals title page indicates the the Journals change from the Journals of [Continental] Congress to the Journals of the United States in Congress Assembled with the convening of the new Articles of Confederation Congress in March 1781. - image from Stan Klos Collection |
On the first day of my appearing in Congress, I delivered the Act
empowering the Delegates of Maryland to Subscribe the Articles of
Confederation &c.! It was read, & entered on the
Journals.[23]
John Hanson arrived in Philadelphia two days later and on the
22nd Congress set aside
Thursday, March 1, 1781, "for completing the
Confederation" and assigned a committee of
three to consider a mode for announcing the same to the
public.”
|
|
Journals of
Congress showing Maryland's
Delegates Articles of Confederation March 1, 1781 ratification Stan Klos Collection |
At high noon, on March 1, 1781 the Articles of Confederation
officially became operative as the first constitution of the
United States of America. The elated Minister of France
was the first to address Samuel Huntington as “His Excellency the
President of the United States, in Congress
Assembled”. On March 1, 1781, the last entry in the old
Continental Congress Journals reports:
|
| Article II of the Articles of Confederation names the new federal government "United States in Congress Assembled" from the engrossed copy at the United States National Archives and Records Administration |
Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union between the states
of New Hampshire, Massachusetts-bay Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and
Georgia."
I. The Stile of this Confederacy shall be "The United States of America.II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.[24]
|
|
March 12, 1781 Treasury letter referring to Samuel
Huntington as President of the United States in Congress Assembled |
On March 7, 1781 the Pennsylvania Gazette in Philadelphia reported:
IN pursuance of an Act of the Legislature of Maryland, entitled,
'An Act to empower the Delegates of the State in Congress to
subscriber and ratify the Articles of Confederation,' the
Delegates of the said State, on Thursday last, at twelve o,
signed and ratified the Articles of Confederation; by which act
the Confederation of The United States Of America was completed,
each and every of the Thirteen States, from New Hampshire to
George, both included, having adopted and confirmed, and by their
Delegates in Congress ratified the same.
This happy event was immediately announced to the public by the
discharge of the artillery on land, and the cannon of the
shipping in the river Delaware. At two o’clock his Excellency the
President of Congress received on this occasion the
congratulations of the Hon. the Minister Plenipotentiary of
France, and of the Legislative and Executive Bodies of this
State, of the Civil and Military Officers, sundry strangers of
distinction in town, and of many of the principal
inhabitants.
The evening was closed by an elegant exhibition of fireworks. The
Ariel frigate, commanded by the gallant John Paul Jones, fired a
feu de joye, and was beautifully decorated with a variety of
streamers in the day, and ornamented with a brilliant appearance
of lights in the night.
Thus will the first of March, 1781, be a day memorable in the
annals of America, for the final ratification of the
Confederation and perpetual Union of the Thirteen States of
America --- A Union, begun by necessity, cemented by oppression
and common danger, and now finally consolidated into a perpetual
confederacy of these new and rising States: And thus the United
States of America, having, amidst the calamities of a destructive
war, established a solid foundation of greatness, are growing up
into consequence among the nations, while their haughty enemy,
Britain, with all her boasted wealth and grandeur, instead of
bringing them to her feet and reducing them to unconditional
submission, finds her hopes blasted, her power crumbling to
pieces, and the empire which, with overbearing insolence and
brutality she exercised on the ocean, divided among her insulted
neighbors.[25]
On March 2nd the USCA convened and
Secretary Charles
Thomas began the new journal by
placing “The United States in Congress
Assembled" at the head of the first
page. The United States of America, which was conceived on July
2, 1776, proclaimed on the 4th, and re-formulated on
November 15, 1777, had finally been constitutional born with the
Articles of Confederation’s ratification. The USCA Journal
reports:
The ratification of the Articles of Confederation being yesterday
completed by the accession of the State of Maryland: The United
States met in Congress, when the following members appeared: His
Excellency Samuel Huntington, delegate for Connecticut,
President...[26]
|
| USCA Journals 1781 printing for March 2nd showing the begining of the legislation enacted by the new Articles of Confederation government, the United States in Congress Assembled. This Journal also records that Connecticut Delegate Samuel Huntington presides over the USCA as its President - Stan Klos Collection |
With the Continental Congress dissolved and the first U.S.
Constitution now in effect, the new USCA government was faced
with the reality that they had to disqualify both New Hampshire
and Rhode Island from voting in the new assembly. This was
particularly dicey because the day before the two delegates, as
members of the Continental Congress, voted unanimously to adopt
the Articles of Confederation. Delaware Delegate Thomas Rodney,
in his diary’s March 2, 1781 entry, explains the conundrum that
was caused by the formation of the Constitution of
1777’s Congress:
The States of New Hampshire and Rhode Island having each but one
Member in Congress, they became unrepresented by the Confirmation
of the Confederation-By which not more than Seven nor less than
two Members is allowed to represent any State -Whereupon General
Sullivan, Delegate from New Hampshire moved - That Congress would
appoint a Committee of the States, and Adjourn till those States
Could Send forward a Sufficient number of Delegates to represent
them-Or that they would allow their Delegates now in Congress To
give the Vote of the States until one More from each of those
States was Sent to Congress to Make their representation
Complete.
He alleged that it was but just for Congress to do one or the
other of them-for that the act of Congress by completing the
Confederation ought not to deprive those States of their
representation without giving them due Notice, as their
representation was complete before, & that they did not know
When the Confederation Would be Completed. Therefore if the
Confederation put it out of the power of Congress to Allow the
States vote in Congress because there was but one member from
each them, they ought in justice to those States to appoint a
Committee of the States, in which they would have an Equal Voice.
This Motion was Seconded by Genl. Vernon from Rhode Island and
enforced by Arguments to the same purpose.
But all their Arguments were ably confuted by Mr. Burke of
N.C. and others, and the absurdity of the motion fully pointed
out, So that the question passed off without a Division - But it
was the general Opinion of Congress that those members might
Continue to Sit in Congress, and Debate & Serve on Committees
though they could not give the vote of their States.[27]
It was unanimously agreed that the Articles of Confederation were
in full force and for a state to have a vote in the USCA, unlike
the Continental Congress, at least two delegates were required to
cast the one state vote in Congress.
It is important to establish here that the framers viewed the
Articles of Confederation as
a federal constitution. The words “federal
constitution” were exhaustively used in the pre-1787
U.S. Constitution era
in resolutions (“and further
provisions as to render the federal Constitution adequate to the
Exigencies of the Union;”)[28] United
States treaties (“That these United States be
considered in all such treaties, and in every case arising under
them, as one nation, upon the principles of the federal
constitution;”)[29] United
States finances (“The federal constitution
authorizes the United States to obtain money by three means;
1st. by requisition; 2d., by loan; and 3d., by
emitting bills of credit;”)[30] and
in United States Delegate debates:
A requisition of Congress on the States for money is as much a
law to them as their revenue Acts when passed are laws to their
respective Citizens. If, for want of the faculty or means of
enforcing a requisition, the law of Congress proves inefficient,
does it not follow that in order to fulfill the views of the
federal constitution, such a change sd. Be made as will render it
efficient? Without such efficiency the end of this Constitution,
which is to preserve order and justice among the members of the
Union, must fail; as without a like efficiency would the end of
State Constitutions, which is to preserve like order &
justice among its members. [31]
These U.S. founding acts and laws also include a resolution
empowering the President of the United States to reconvene
the “federal government” in New
Jersey after
he and the Congress were held hostage in Independence Hall, by
mutinous soldiers:
There is not a satisfactory ground for expecting adequate and
prompt exertions of this State for supporting the dignity of the
federal government, the President … be authorized and directed to
summon the members of Congress to meet on Thursday next at
Trenton or Princeton, in New Jersey. [32]
The Articles of Confederation were recognized as a federal
constitution by Maryland, the last state to ratify, in passing
their “Act of Appointment of, And Conferring Powers in, Deputies
from this State to the Federal Convention” affirming that it
would join with other States
“ … in considering such alterations, and further provisions, as
may be necessary to render the federal
constitution adequate to the exigencies of the
union.”
Maryland Act of 1787
Image Courtesy of Klos Yavneh Collection
Image Courtesy of Klos Yavneh Collection
Several colleagues have pointed out the name
“United States in Congress Assembled”
(USCA)was used by U.S. Continental Congress on
commissions before the ratification of the Articles of
Confederation on March 1, 1781, as evidenced by signed John Jay
and Samuel Huntington Presidential Commissions we have on our
websites.
Therefore,
I have found it necessary to address this issue.
The
term “United States in
Congress Assembled” first
appears in the 1776-77 Articles of Confederation journals
drafts. It appears officially, in its final form, in the
Journals on November 15, 1777 with the passage of the Articles
of Confederation. It is Article
2, in
the Constitution of
1777, that official names the governing body
the “United States in
Congress Assembled.”
“Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence,
and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this
confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in
Congress assembled.”[1]
The term, “United States in Congress
Assembled,” then appears another 25 times in the
Articles of Confederation.
The name USCA was chosen by the delegates as
opposed to the name Continental Congress,
which was adopted on October 20, 1774 in the Articles of
Association.
[2]
The name USCA was
chosen by the delegates as opposed to the name of a
“General Congress” to manage the
union’s “General Continental
Business,” which was a name Benjamin Franklin
proposed in his Articles of Confederation 1775 draft.
The name USCA was chosen by the
delegates as opposed to the name United States
Assembled, which was proposed in the Articles of
Confederation July 12, 1776 draft.
The term - United States in Congress Assembled
- does not appear in again the Journals until
March 1, 1781, except in an interpretive context in the US
Continental Congress Journals October 19th, 1778
entry:
A letter, of 17, from Major General Lord Stirling, was
read:
Whereas, by the 8th article of the articles of confederation
and perpetual union, agreed upon for the United States
of North America, it is provided, that all expences
for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the
United States in Congress assembled, shall be
defrayed out of a common treasury to be supplied by the several
states, in proportion to the value of all lands within each
State, granted to, or surveyed for any person, as such land,
and the buildings and improvements thereon, shall be estimated,
according to such mode as the United States in Congress
assembled shall, from time to time, direct and
appoint:
And, whereas, the value aforesaid must, from the nature of
things, frequently change, and frequent valuations thereby
become necessary: therefore,
Resolved, That it be recommended to the several states to
instruct their delegates to fix the period of such
valuation.
Resolved, That in the opinion of Congress five years will be a
proper term for that purpose.
[3]
This is not, however, the end of the name
story.
A new name, the United States of America in
Congress assembled (Note that this name is not
found in the Articles of Confederation) first appears in
a .S.
Continental Congress June
26, 1778 resolution adopting the proper language for
the States to use in Articles of Confederation
ratification conventions:
The committee appointed to prepare the form of a ratification
of the articles of Confederation, brought in a form, which was
agreed to as follows:
To all to whom these presents shall come: We, the undersigned
delegates of the states affixed to our names send
greeting.
Whereas, the delegates of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, did, on the fifteenth day of
November, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred
and seventy-seven, and in the second year of the independence
of America, agree to certain articles of confederation and
perpetual union between the states of New Hampshire,
Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Georgia, in the words following, viz.
[4]
This new name appears again on December 11th, 1778 with
the adoption of the Board of War’s recommendation
to print up military commission documents with the
heading
“United States of America in Congress Assembled”
(USACA)
as follows:
The Board of War reported a new form of a commission to
officers in the army of the United States, which was agreed to
as follows:
The United States of America in Congress
Assembled:
To
We, reposing special trust and confidence in your patriotism,
valour, conduct and fidelity, do, by these presents, constitute
and appoint you to be in the army of the United States; you are
therefore carefully and diligently to discharge the duty of by
doing and performing all manner of things thereunto belonging.
And we do strictly charge and require all officers and soldiers
under your command to be obedient to your orders as; and you
are to observe and follow such orders and directions, from time
to time, as you shah receive from this or a future Congress of
the United States, or a committee of Congress for that purpose
appointed, or a committee of the states, or commander in chief
for the time being of the army of the United States, or any
other your superior officer, according to the rules and
discipline of war, in pursuance of the trust reposed in you.
This commission to continue in force until revoked by this or a
future Congress, the committee of Congress before mentioned, or
a committee of the states.
Dated at the day of 17; and in the year of our
independence.
Witness President of Congress.
Entered in the war office.
[5]
These Commissions were issued beginning with John Jay and
ending with Griffin (see Laurens, Jay, and Griffin Commissions
for similarities and
differences).
|
| President John Jay signed United States of America in Congress assembled Military Commission |
On OCTOBER 9, 1779 the
USACA
name appears again with a committee appointed to prepare a
commission for the secretaries, brought in a draft, which was
agreed to as follows:
The United States of America in Congress
assembled—To
Greeting:
We, reposing especial trust and confidence in your patriotism,
ability, conduct and fidelity, do by these presents constitute
and appoint you during our pleasure, secretary to our
minister plenipotentiary appointed to you are therefore
carefully and diligently to discharge the duty of secretary, by
doing and performing all things thereunto belonging. And in
case of the death of our said minister, you are to signify it
to us by the earliest opportunity; and on such event, we
authorize and direct you to take into your charge all our
publick affairs, which were in the hands of our said minister
at the time of his death, or which may be addressed to him
before notice thereof, and proceed therein according to the
instructions to our said minister given, until our further
orders.
Witness, President of the Congress of the United States
of America, at the day of 17 and in the year of our
independence.
[6]
On OCTOBER 15, 1779 the USACA name appears
again with a committee appointed to prepare a letter of
credence for the honorable John Jay, Esqr, minister
plenipotentiary at the Court of Madrid, brought in a draught
which being read and amended was agreed to as follows using
conflicting terms - United States of America in
Congress assembled AND Congress of the United
States of North America:
Letter to our great and beloved Friend Charles.
Great and Beloved Friend,
The United States of America in Congress
assembled, deeply impressed with a high sense of the
Magnanimity of your Majesty, and of your friendly disposition
towards these States, and having an earnest desire to improve
into a firm and lasting Alliance such friendly disposition have
appointed, to reside at your Court in quality of Minister
Plenipotentiary, that he may give you more particular
assurances of the high regard we entertain for your Majesty. We
beseech your Majesty to give entire credit to every thing he
shall deliver on our part especially when he shall assure you
of the Sincerity of our Friendship, and we pray God that he
will keep your Majesty in his most holy protection.
Done at Philadelphia the day of October, 1779. By the
Congress of the United States of North
America, Your Good Friends.
[7]
On OCTOBER 30, 1779 the USACA name appears
again when a committee recommendation appointed to
prepare a commission for the person appointed to negotiate a
loan in the United Provinces of the Low Countries brought in a
draft, which, being read and amended was agreed to, as
follows:
The United States of America in Congress
assembled:
To the Hon. H. L., Esqr, a delegate from the state of South
Carolina, and formerly President of Congress,
Greeting:
We, reposing especial Trust and Confidence in your Patriotism,
Ability, Conduct and Fidelity, do by these Presents, constitute
and appoint you, the said Henry Laurens, Esqr. during our
Pleasure, to be our Agent for and on behalf of the said States,
to negotiate a Loan with any Person, or Persons, Bodies Politic
and Corporate whatever in the united Provinces of the
Netherlands on the Terms and Conditions as he and you may think
meet contained in the Instructions herewith delivered to you,
promising in good Faith, to ratify and confirm whatsoever shall
by you be done in the Premises, or relating thereunto …
[8]
On NOVEMEBER 1, 1779 the USACA
name appears again when a committee appointed to prepare
a commission for the commissioner appointed to negotiate a
treaty of amity and commerce with the United Provinces of the
low countries, brought in a draft, which was agreed to as
follows:
The United States of America in Congress
assembled,
to all who shall see these presents, send greeting:
Whereas an intercourse between the citizens of the United
Provinces of the low countries and the citizens of these United
States, founded on the principles of equality and reciprocity,
may be of mutual advantage to both nations:
Know Ye, therefore, That we, confiding in the integrity,
prudence and ability of the Honourable Henry Laurens, Esquire,
delegate from the State of South Carolina, and formerly
President of Congress, have nominated, constituted and
appointed, and by these presents do nominate, constitute and
appoint him the said Henry Laurens our commissioner, giving him
full power, general and special, to act in that quality, to
confer, treat, agree and conclude with the person or persons
vested with equal powers, by the States General, of the said
United Provinces of and concerning a treaty of Amity and
Commerce. And whatever shall be so agreed and concluded for us
and in our names, to sign, and thereupon make such treaty,
conventions, and agreements, as he shall judge conformable to
the ends we have in view; hereby promising in good faith, that
we will accept, ratify and execute whatever shall be agreed,
concluded and signed by our said Commissioner.
In witness whereof we have caused these presents to be given in
Congress at Philadelphia, the 1st Day of November,
[9]
On FEBRUARY 2, 1780 Congress approved the use of the
USACA name again in Court of Appeals
Appointments
Resolved, That the commission to the judges of the Court of
Appeals be as follows:
The United States of America in Congress
assembled,
to the honorable Greeting:
Know you, that, reposing special trust and confidence in your
patriotism learning, prudence, integrity, and abilities, we
have assigned, deputed, and appointed you one of our judges of
our Court of Appeals, to hear, try, and determine all appeals
from the courts of admiralty, in the states respectively, in
cases of capture, upon the water which now are, or hereafter
may be duly entered and made in any of the said states; and to
do generally all those things that you are or shall be
authorized and empowered by Congress to do and perform, and
which shall be necessary in and about the premises for the
execution of the said office, according to the law and usage of
nations and the acts of Congress; to have, hold, exercise, and
enjoy, all and singular, the powers, authorities, and
jurisdictions aforesaid; and also the privileges, benefits,
emoluments, and advantages to the said office belonging, or in
any wise appertaining.
Witness, his Excellency Samuel Huntington, Esq.
president of Congress, at Philadelphia, the
day of in the fourth year of our independence, and in the year
of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty.
[10]
APRIL 20, 1780 the USACA name appears again
when the Board of Admiralty reported their form of a commission
for the naval officers in the employ of the United States,
which was agreed to as follows:
The United States of America in Congress
assembled
to Greeting: We, reposing especial trust and confidence in your
valour, conduct and fidelity, do by these presents constitute
and appoint you to bein the navy of the United States, to take
rank from theYou are therefore carefully and diligently to
discharge the duties of by doing and performing all manner of
things thereunto belonging. And we do strictly charge and
require all officers, marines, and seamen under your command to
be obedient to your orders as And you are to observe and follow
such orders and directions, from time to time, as you shall
receive from Congress, a committee of the states, the Board of
Admiralty, Commander in Chief, for the time being, of the navy
of the United States, or any other your superior officer,
according to the rules and discipline of the navy, and the
usage of the sea. This commission to continue in force until
revoked by Congress or a committee of the states.
Witness, President of the Congress of the United States
of America, at the day of in the year of our Lord and
in the year of our independence.
[11]
On June 20, 1780 they adopt the language for THE COMMISSION TO
JOHN ADAMS, ESQUIRE.
The United States of America in Congress
assembled,
to the Honourable John Adams, Esquire, Greeting.
Whereas by our commission to the honourable Henry Laurens,
esquire, bearing date the 30th day of October, in the year of
our Lord, 1779, we have constituted and appointed him the said
Henry Laurens, during our pleasure, our agent for and on behalf
of the said United States, to negotiate a loan with any person
or persons, bodies politick and corporate: And whereas the said
Henry Laurens has, by unavoidable accidents, been hitherto
prevented from proceeding on the said agency: We, therefore,
reposing especial trust and confidence in your patriotism,
ability, conduct and fidelity, do by these presents constitute
and appoint you the said John Adams, until the said Henry
Laurens, or some other person appointed in his stead, shall
arrive in Europe, and undertake the execution of the aforesaid
commission, our agent for and on behalf of the said United
States, to negotiate a loan with any person or persons, bodies
politick and corporate, promising in good faith to ratify and
confirm whatsoever shall by you be done in the premises, or
relating thereunto.
Witness his excellency Samuel Huntington, esquire,
President of the Congress of the United States of
America, at Philadelphia, the 20th day of June, in the
year of our Lord, 1780, and in the fourth year of our
independence. Samuel Huntington, President.
[12]
On SEPTEMBER 26, 1780 Congress uses USACA name
again when it addresses the language for privateers
resolving:
Resolved, That all Neutral vessels have by the Law of Nations a
right to navigate freely to and from the ports and on the
coasts of powers at war, when not prohibited by treaty or
municipal law.
That the above principles serve as a rule in all proceedings of
justice in the United States on all questions of capture. That
all captains and commanders of armed vessels whether public and
of war or private holding commissions from and under the
United States of America in Congress assembled
be and hereby are strictly enjoined and required to observe the
propositions above stated as a rule of conduct and govern
themselves accordingly, and that the Board of Admiralty in the
Instructions which they may give, and the Maritime Courts or
Courts of Admiralty of the several states, and the Court of
Appeals in the Cases of Captures in their several proceedings
and adjudications concerning the legality of captures determine
and decide agreeably to the principles aforesaid.
[13]
On December 19th, 1780 the US Continental Congress
goes back to the old form but adds “United”
before the word “States” and then lists all
the names (See Laurens Military Commission Headings) for Dana’s
commission to Russia:
The committee appointed to prepare a commission for the
minister to the Court of Russia delivered in a draught which
was read and agreed to: COMMISSION TO THE HONOURABLE
FRANCIS DANA
The United States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay,
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, in Congress
assembled--To all who shall see these presents, send
greeting.
Whereas her Imperial Majesty the Empress of all the Russias,
attentive to the freedom of commerce and the rights of nations
in her declaration to the belligerent and neutral powers, hath
proposed regulations founded on principles of justice, equity
and moderation, of which …
[14]
On December 23rd, 1780 in Letters of
Credence to Colonel J. Laurens Congress adopts the
USACA name again but then refers to themselves
as “Congress of the United States of North
America”
Great and beloved friend and ally, The United States of
America in Congress assembled, impressed with the
magnanimity of your Majesty, and of the repeated proofs you
have given of your friendly disposition towards these states,
and also feeling the necessity of giving your Majesty full
information of the present state of our affairs, have appointed
the honourable John Laurens, esquire, a lieutenant colonel in
the army of these states, to repair to your court, in quality
of minister, to solicit the aids requested by us; and that he
may give your Majesty more particular and further assurances of
the high regard we continue to entertain for your Majesty. We
beseech your Majesty to give entire credit to everything he
shall deliver on our part, especially when he shall assure you
of the sincerity of our friendship.
And we pray God that he will keep your Majesty in his most holy
protection.
Done at Philadelphia, the 23d day of December, in the year of
our Lord, 1780, and in the 5th year of our independence. By the
Congress of the United States of North
America. Your good friends and allies. (Signed) S. H.
President.
[15]
From this point until March 1, 1789 the Journals are silent on
United States of America in Congress
assembled. What is important to
here is that none of the resolutions, commissions, and letters
from Congress refer to the U.S. Continental Congress governing
body as the “United States in Congress
Assembled.” Additionally, numerous
U.S. Continental Congress resolutions,
commissions, and letters use conflicting terms for governing
body: United States of America in Congress assembled,
Congress of the United States of America, Congress of the
United States of North America, General Continental Congress,
etc… .
On March 2, 1781 the term “United States in Congress
Assembled” appears at the head of the Journals on that
date and after that within most, if not all, public USCA
resolutions the term is used exhaustively.
The term developed by the Continental Congress,
“United States of America in Congress
assembled,” has very limited use being relegated
mostly to the commissions and other federal appointment
documents approved by the U.S. Continental Congress from
1778-1780.
Therefore it is proper to use the term “Continental
Congress”
[16]
for the pre-March 1,
1781 governing body and the term “United States in
Congressed Assembled”
[17]
for the post March 1, 1781
unicameral governing body of the United States of America under
the Articles of Confederation.
This USCA unicameral federal government constituted under the
Articles of Confederation would convene in eight different
sessions. The First session began on March 2nd, 1781
with Samuel Huntington as President. The eighth and
last USCA under President Cyrus Griffin ended on
October 10th, 1788, as the ninth failed to achieve a
quorum in November 1788:
Articles of Confederation Congress
United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) Sessions
USCA
|
Session Dates
|
USCA Convene Date
|
President(s)
|
First
|
11-05-1780 to 11-04-1781*
|
03-02-1781
|
|
Second
|
11-05-1781 to 11-03-1782
|
11-05-1781
|
|
Third
|
11-04-1782 to 11-02-1783
|
11-04-1782
|
|
Fourth
|
11-03-1783 to 10-31-1784
|
11-03-1783
|
|
Fifth
|
11-01-1784 to 11-06-1785
|
11-29-1784
|
|
Sixth
|
11-07-1785 to 11-05-1786
|
11-23-1785
|
|
Seventh
|
11-06-1786 to 11-04-1787
|
02-02-1787
|
|
Eighth
|
11-05-1787 to 11-02-1788
|
01-21-1788
|
|
Ninth
|
11-03-1788 to 03-03-1789**
|
None
|
None
|
* The Articles of Confederation was ratified by
the mandated 13th State on February 2, 1781, and the dated
adopted by the Continental Congress to commence the new
United States in Congress Assembled government was March
1, 1781. The USCA convened under the Articles of Confederation Constitution on March 2,
1781.
** On September 14, 1788, the Eighth United States in Congress
Assembled resolved that March 4th, 1789, would be commencement
date of the Constitution of 1787's federal
government thus dissolving the USCA on March 3rd, 1789.
At sunset on the evening of March 3, 1789, the Articles of Confederation Union was fired out by thirteen guns from the Federal Fort opposite Bowling Green in New York. On Wednesday, the 4th, the new era was ushered in by the firing of eleven guns in honor of the eleven States that had adopted the Constitution. The States of Rhode Island and North Carolina were now severed from the American Union and were as independent of each other as England and France.
Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America
Philadelphia
|
Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774
| |
Philadelphia
|
May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776
| |
Baltimore
|
Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777
| |
Philadelphia
|
March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777
| |
Lancaster
|
September 27, 1777
| |
York
|
Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778
| |
Philadelphia
|
July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783
| |
Princeton
|
June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783
| |
Annapolis
|
Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784
| |
Trenton
|
Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784
| |
New York City
|
Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788
| |
New York City
|
October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789
| |
New York City
|
March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790
| |
Philadelphia
|
Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800
| |
Washington DC
|
November 17,1800 to Present
|
The First United American Republic
Continental Congress of the United Colonies
Presidents
Sept. 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776
September 5, 1774
|
October 22, 1774
|
|
October 22, 1774
|
October 26, 1774
|
|
May 20, 1775
|
May 24, 1775
|
|
May 25, 1775
|
July 1, 1776
|
The Second United American Republic
Continental Congress of the United States
Presidents
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
July 2, 1776
|
October 29, 1777
|
|
November 1, 1777
|
December 9, 1778
|
|
December 10, 1778
|
September 28, 1779
|
|
September 29, 1779
|
February 28, 1781
|
Commander-in-Chief United Colonies & States of
America
George Washington: June 15, 1775 - December 23,
1783
The Third United American Republic
Presidents of the United States in Congress
Assembled
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
March 1, 1781
|
July 6, 1781
|
|
July 10, 1781
|
Declined Office
|
|
July 10, 1781
|
November 4, 1781
|
|
November 5, 1781
|
November 3, 1782
|
|
November 4, 1782
|
November 2, 1783
|
|
November 3, 1783
|
June 3, 1784
|
|
November 30, 1784
|
November 22, 1785
|
|
November 23, 1785
|
June 5, 1786
|
|
June 6, 1786
|
February 1, 1787
|
|
February 2, 1787
|
January 21, 1788
|
|
January 22, 1788
|
January 21, 1789
|
United Colonies Continental
Congress
|
President
|
18th Century
Term
|
Age
|
Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison
Randolph (1745-1783)
|
09/05/74 – 10/22/74
|
29
|
|
Mary Williams
Middleton (1741-
1761) Deceased
|
Henry Middleton
|
10/22–26/74
|
n/a
|
Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison
Randolph (1745–1783)
|
05/20/ 75 - 05/24/75
|
30
|
|
Dorothy Quincy Hancock
Scott (1747-1830)
|
05/25/75 – 07/01/76
|
28
|
|
United States Continental
Congress
|
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
Dorothy Quincy Hancock
Scott (1747-1830)
|
07/02/76 – 10/29/77
|
29
|
|
Eleanor Ball
Laurens (1731-
1770) Deceased
|
Henry Laurens
|
11/01/77 – 12/09/78
|
n/a
|
Sarah Livingston
Jay (1756-1802)
|
12/ 10/78 – 09/28/78
|
21
|
|
Martha
Huntington (1738/39–1794)
|
09/29/79 – 02/28/81
|
41
|
|
United States in Congress
Assembled
|
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
Martha
Huntington (1738/39–1794)
|
03/01/81 – 07/06/81
|
42
|
|
Sarah Armitage
McKean (1756-1820)
|
07/10/81 – 11/04/81
|
25
|
|
Jane Contee
Hanson (1726-1812)
|
11/05/81 - 11/03/82
|
55
|
|
Hannah Stockton
Boudinot (1736-1808)
|
11/03/82 - 11/02/83
|
46
|
|
Sarah Morris
Mifflin (1747-1790)
|
11/03/83 - 11/02/84
|
36
|
|
Anne Gaskins Pinkard
Lee (1738-1796)
|
11/20/84 - 11/19/85
|
46
|
|
Dorothy Quincy Hancock
Scott (1747-1830)
|
11/23/85 – 06/06/86
|
38
|
|
Rebecca Call
Gorham (1744-1812)
|
06/06/86 - 02/01/87
|
42
|
|
Phoebe Bayard St.
Clair (1743-1818)
|
02/02/87 - 01/21/88
|
43
|
|
Christina Stuart
Griffin (1751-1807)
|
01/22/88 - 01/29/89
|
36
|
Constitution of
1787
First Ladies |
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
|
57
|
||
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
|
52
|
||
Martha Wayles Jefferson Deceased
|
September 6, 1782 (Aged
33)
|
n/a
|
|
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
|
40
|
||
March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825
|
48
|
||
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
|
50
|
||
December 22,
1828 (aged 61)
|
n/a
|
||
February 5, 1819 (aged 35)
|
n/a
|
||
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
|
65
|
||
April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842
|
50
|
||
June 26, 1844 – March 4, 1845
|
23
|
||
March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
|
41
|
||
March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850
|
60
|
||
July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
|
52
|
||
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
|
46
|
||
n/a
|
n/a
|
||
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
|
42
|
||
February 22, 1862 – May 10, 1865
|
|||
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
|
54
|
||
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
|
43
|
||
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
|
45
|
||
March 4, 1881 – September 19,
1881
|
48
|
||
January 12, 1880 (Aged 43)
|
n/a
|
||
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
|
21
|
||
March 4, 1889 – October 25,
1892
|
56
|
||
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
|
28
|
||
March 4, 1897 – September 14,
1901
|
49
|
||
September 14, 1901 – March 4,
1909
|
40
|
||
March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
|
47
|
||
March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914
|
52
|
||
December 18, 1915 – March 4,
1921
|
43
|
||
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923
|
60
|
||
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929
|
44
|
||
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
|
54
|
||
March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
|
48
|
||
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953
|
60
|
||
January 20, 1953 – January 20,
1961
|
56
|
||
January 20, 1961 – November 22,
1963
|
31
|
||
November 22, 1963 – January 20,
1969
|
50
|
||
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
|
56
|
||
August 9, 1974 – January 20,
1977
|
56
|
||
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
|
49
|
||
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
|
59
|
||
January 20, 1989 – January 20,
1993
|
63
|
||
January 20, 1993 – January 20,
2001
|
45
|
||
January 20, 2001 – January 20,
2009
|
54
|
||
January 20, 2009 to date
|
45
|
Presidents of the United States of America
D-Democratic Party, F-Federalist Party, I-Independent, R-Republican Party, R* Republican Party of Jefferson & W-Whig Party
D-Democratic Party, F-Federalist Party, I-Independent, R-Republican Party, R* Republican Party of Jefferson & W-Whig Party
(1789-1797)
|
(1933-1945)
| |
(1865-1869)
| ||
(1797-1801)
|
(1945-1953)
| |
(1869-1877)
| ||
(1801-1809)
|
(1953-1961)
| |
(1877-1881)
| ||
(1809-1817)
|
(1961-1963)
| |
(1881 - 1881)
| ||
(1817-1825)
|
(1963-1969)
| |
(1881-1885)
| ||
(1825-1829)
|
(1969-1974)
| |
(1885-1889)
| ||
(1829-1837)
|
(1973-1974)
| |
(1889-1893)
| ||
(1837-1841)
|
(1977-1981)
| |
(1893-1897)
| ||
(1841-1841)
|
(1981-1989)
| |
(1897-1901)
| ||
(1841-1845)
|
(1989-1993)
| |
(1901-1909)
| ||
(1845-1849)
|
(1993-2001)
| |
(1909-1913)
| ||
(1849-1850)
|
(2001-2009)
| |
(1913-1921)
| ||
(1850-1853)
|
(2009-2017)
| |
(1921-1923)
| ||
(1853-1857)
|
(20017-Present)
| |
(1923-1929)
|
*Confederate States of America
| |
(1857-1861)
| ||
(1929-1933)
| ||
(1861-1865)
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[2] Articles of Association first paragraph: We, his majesty's most loyal subjects, the delegates of the several colonies of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode-Island, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, the three lower counties of Newcastle, Kent and Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, and South-Carolina, deputed to represent them in a continental
[3] Journals of the Congress, October 19th, 1778
[4] Journals of the Congress, June 26, 1778
[5] Ibid, DECEMBER 11, 1778
[6] Ibid, OCTOBER 9, 1779
[7] Ibid, OCTOBER 15, 1779
[8] Ibid, OCTOBER 30, 1779
[9] Ibid, NOVEMBER 1, 1779
[10] Ibid, FEBRUARY 2, 1780
[11] Ibid, APRIL 20, 1780
[12] Ibid, June 20, 1780
[13] Ibid, SEPTEMBER 26, 1780
[14] Ibid, December 19th, 1780
[15] Ibid, December 23rd, 1780
[16] Articles of Association first paragraph: We, his majesty's most loyal subjects, the delegates of the several colonies of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts-Bay, Rhode-Island, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, the three lower counties of Newcastle, Kent and Sussex on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, and South-Carolina, deputed to represent them in a continental Congress, held in the city of Philadelphia, on the 5th day of September, 1774
[17] Articles of Confederation, Article 2: “Each State
retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence, and every
power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this
confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in
Congress assembled, ”
[19] Instructions of the General Assembly of Maryland to George Plater, William Paca, William Carmichael, John Henry, James Forbes, and Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Esqs. laid before the Continental Congress on 21st of May, 1779, State Claims Northwest Territory Address Of Hon William E. Chilton Of West Virginia , In The Senate of The United States On April 10. 1912, p.5-6
[20] Journals of the US Continental Congress, September 6, 1780
[21] Journals of the US Continental Congress, October 10, 1780
[22] John Hanson to Charles Carroll of Carrolton, November 28, 1780, LDC 1774-1789
[23] Daniel Carroll to Charles Carroll of Carrolton, February 20, 1781, LDC 1774-1789
[24] Daniel Carroll to Charles Carroll of Carrolton, February 20, 1781, LDC 1774-1789
[25] John Nagy Editor - Pennsylvania Gazette 1728-1800 On-Line Publication By Accessible Archives, Malvern, PA, - http:www.accessible.com.
[26] March 2, 1781, JCC 1774-1789
[27] Thomas Rodney, in his diary’s March 2, 1781 LDC 1774-1789
[28] JCC, 1774-1789, , March15, 1787
[29] JCC, 1774-1789, March 26, 1784
[30] Ibid, February 3, 1786
[31] Ibid, January 28, 1783
[32] Ibid, June 21, 1783
[19] Instructions of the General Assembly of Maryland to George Plater, William Paca, William Carmichael, John Henry, James Forbes, and Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Esqs. laid before the Continental Congress on 21st of May, 1779, State Claims Northwest Territory Address Of Hon William E. Chilton Of West Virginia , In The Senate of The United States On April 10. 1912, p.5-6
[20] Journals of the US Continental Congress, September 6, 1780
[21] Journals of the US Continental Congress, October 10, 1780
[22] John Hanson to Charles Carroll of Carrolton, November 28, 1780, LDC 1774-1789
[23] Daniel Carroll to Charles Carroll of Carrolton, February 20, 1781, LDC 1774-1789
[24] Daniel Carroll to Charles Carroll of Carrolton, February 20, 1781, LDC 1774-1789
[25] John Nagy Editor - Pennsylvania Gazette 1728-1800 On-Line Publication By Accessible Archives, Malvern, PA, - http:www.accessible.com.
[26] March 2, 1781, JCC 1774-1789
[27] Thomas Rodney, in his diary’s March 2, 1781 LDC 1774-1789
[28] JCC, 1774-1789, , March15, 1787
[29] JCC, 1774-1789, March 26, 1784
[30] Ibid, February 3, 1786
[31] Ibid, January 28, 1783
[32] Ibid, June 21, 1783
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